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英语一
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ENG-GRA-09 并列结构与插入语
一、定位信息
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 所属圈层 | 核心层 |
| 前置知识回顾 | 需掌握句子成分、基本句型以及并列连词的基本概念 |
| 知识网络定位 | 并列结构与插入语是句子层面的组织手段。并列结构连接同等重要的成分，插入语补充附加信息。两者在阅读长难句理解中起重要作用 |
| 考点热度等级 | M级（中频常考）——并列结构在阅读理解和完形填空中经常出现，插入语在长难句理解中是重要辅助知识 |
二、知识点讲解
2.1 并列结构（Parallel Structure / Coordination）
并列结构是用并列连词将两个或多个语法地位相同的成分连接在一起的结构。被连接的成分必须在词性、形式和逻辑层次上保持一致——这就是平行原则。
2.2 并列连词分类
| 类型 | 连词 | 功能 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 表并列 | and, both...and, not only...but (also), as well as | 连接同等成分 | He is both intelligent and hardworking. |
| 表选择 | or, either...or, whether...or | 表示选择关系 | You can either stay or leave. |
| 表转折 | but, yet, however, nevertheless, while, whereas | 表示对比转折 | He is poor but happy. |
| 表因果 | so, therefore, thus, hence, for, consequently | 表示因果关系 | It rained, so the match was cancelled. |
| 表否定 | nor, neither...nor | 表示否定并列 | Neither he nor I am to blame. |
2.3 并列结构的平行原则
并列连词连接的成分必须在语法形式上保持一致：
| 正确 | 错误 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| He likes reading and writing. | He likes reading and to write. | 动名词并动名词 |
| She is intelligent, creative, and hardworking. | She is intelligent, creativity, and hardworking. | 形容词并形容词 |
| They went to the park, the museum, and the zoo. | They went to the park, museum, and to the zoo. | 名词并名词 |
| Not only did he apologize, but he also compensated. | Not only did he apologize, but also compensated. | 从句并从句（结构对应） |
2.4 both...and / not only...but also / either...or / neither...nor 用法对比
| 结构 | 含义 | 连接成分 | 主谓一致 |
|---|---|---|---|
| both A and B | A和B都 | 名词/形容词/动词 | 复数 |
| not only A but (also) B | 不仅A而且B | 各种成分 | 就近原则（与B一致） |
| either A or B | 要么A要么B | 各种成分 | 就近原则（与B一致） |
| neither A nor B | 既不A也不B | 各种成分 | 就近原则（与B一致） |
就近原则示例：
- Not only the students but also the teacher was present.（与 teacher 一致 → 单数）
- Either you or he is to blame.（与 he 一致 → 单数）
- Neither the teacher nor the students were present.（与 students 一致 → 复数）
2.5 并列结构中的省略
并列结构中，为了避免重复，可以省略共同的成分：
He can speak English (speaks) French, and German.I like coffee and (I like) tea.She went to the store and (she) bought some groceries.
2.6 插入语（Parenthetical Expression）
插入语是在句子中插入的补充说明成分，与句子主干没有语法上的必然联系，去掉后句子仍然完整。插入语通常用逗号、破折号或括号与主句隔开。
2.7 插入语的常见类型
（一）副词/短语作插入语
| 常见插入语 | 含义 | 位置 |
|---|---|---|
| however, nevertheless, therefore, thus, moreover, furthermore, meanwhile, consequently | 表示逻辑关系 | 句首或句中 |
| for example, for instance, in other words, in fact, in particular, in addition | 表示补充说明 | 句首或句中 |
| of course, indeed, certainly, apparently, obviously, naturally | 表示态度/语气 | 句中 |
| in my opinion, from my perspective, as far as I know | 表示观点来源 | 句首或句中 |
（二）不定式短语作插入语
To be honest, I don't like this idea.To tell the truth, I forgot about it.To begin with, we need to define the problem.To put it simply, the theory doesn't work.
（三）分词短语作插入语
Generally speaking, the results are satisfactory.Strictly speaking, this is not correct.Judging from his expression, he was unhappy.Considering everything, the project was a success.
（四）介词短语作插入语
In other words, the plan failed.As a matter of fact, I was there.By the way, have you seen John?In a sense, you are right.On the whole, the experiment was successful.
（五）主谓结构作插入语（考研长难句高频）
| 插入语 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| I think / I believe / I suppose | 我认为 |
| it is said / it is reported / it is believed | 据说/据报道/据信 |
| as we know / as is known to all | 众所周知 |
| what is more important | 更重要的是 |
| as it were | 可以说，打个比方 |
| so to speak | 可以说 |
（六）that is (to say) / i.e. / namely 等解释性插入语
He is a polyglot — that is, he speaks several languages.
2.8 插入语在长难句中的处理
在阅读和翻译中遇到插入语时：
- 先跳过插入语，找到句子主干（主谓宾）
- 再回头理解插入语的补充含义
- 翻译时可以将插入语放在句首或句末，用括号或破折号标出
例：The experiment, which lasted three years and involved over 500 participants, proved the hypothesis. → 先提取主干：The experiment proved the hypothesis.（实验证明了假说。） → 再加入插入语：这项实验持续了三年，涉及500多名参与者，证明了假说。
2.9 并列连词与从属连词对比
| 对比维度 | 并列连词 | 从属连词 |
|---|---|---|
| 连接对象 | 语法地位相同的成分 | 主句和从句 |
| 常见词 | and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor | because, although, if, when, while, that |
| 句子结构 | 两个独立分句 | 主句 + 从句 |
| 标点 | 前可加逗号 | 从句前后可加逗号（非限制性） |
| 示例 | He studied hard, and he passed. | He passed because he studied hard. |
三、记忆与理解辅助
技巧一：平行原则"三查法"
遇到并列结构时，检查三个方面：
- 词性一致：并列的成分是否都是名词/动词/形容词？
- 形式一致：是否都是 doing / to do / done？
- 逻辑层次一致：是否在同一个语法层次上？
技巧二：插入语"括号法"
阅读长难句时，遇到两个逗号、两个破折号或括号之间的内容，先用括号括起来，视为插入语，跳过它直接读主干。这能大幅提高长难句的阅读速度。
技巧三：并列连词首字母记忆
七个主要并列连词：FANBOYS —— For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
技巧四：就近原则口诀
"not only...but also / either...or / neither...nor 谁近谁决定"——谓语动词的形式由离它最近的主语决定。
四、例题与精解
例题一（基础巩固）
题目：选择正确答案：The research focused not only on the economic impact ______ on the social consequences of the policy.
A. and B. but also C. but D. as well as
审题分析： "not only" 已经出现，需要搭配 "but also" 构成 "not only...but also..." 固定结构。
解题思路： not only A but also B → 固定搭配
完整步骤：
- "not only on the economic impact" → 需要 "but also on the social consequences"
- 逐项分析：
- A. and（不与 not only 搭配，错误）
- B. but also（与 not only 构成固定搭配，正确）
- C. but（缺少 also，不完整，错误）
- D. as well as（不与 not only 搭配，错误）
- 答案：B
方法反思： not only...but also 是固定搭配，完形填空中经常考查。注意 also 可以省略（not only...but...），但标准形式是 but also。
例题二（中等提升）
题目：找出下列句子中的并列结构错误并改正：The new policy aims to reduce pollution, create jobs, and the improvement of public health.
审题分析： 三个并列成分应该在语法形式上保持一致。前两个是动词不定式（to reduce, to create），第三个是名词短语（the improvement）。
解题思路： 检查并列成分的词性是否一致 → 不一致 → 改为一致的形式。
完整步骤：
- 三个并列成分：
- to reduce pollution（动词不定式）
- create jobs（动词原形，承前省略了 to）
- the improvement of public health（名词短语）
- 问题：第三个成分是名词短语，与前两个动词短语不平行
- 改正：将 the improvement of public health 改为 improve public health（动词原形）
- 改后句子：The new policy aims to reduce pollution, create jobs, and improve public health.
方法反思： 并列结构的平行原则是考研写作和完形填空的重要考点。写作中尤其要注意：用 and/or/but 连接的成分必须在语法形式上保持一致。
五、考情分析
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 考查频次 | 近5年完形填空和阅读理解中每年至少出现2–3道涉及并列结构的题目 |
| 常见题型 | 完形填空（并列连词选择、平行原则判断）、阅读理解（并列结构的长难句理解）、写作（平行结构的运用） |
| 分值占比 | 直接考查约 1–2 分，间接影响阅读和写作约 10–15 分 |
| 命题趋势 | 并列结构与从句嵌套的复杂长难句越来越多，对考生识别并列关系的能力要求提高 |
注：考情分析基于大纲与命题规律推测
六、易错点提醒
易错点一
- 错误表现：并列结构中词性不一致。如误写 He enjoys swimming, to read, and hiking.
- 错误原因：没有遵守平行原则。
- 正确做法：统一为动名词 → He enjoys swimming, reading, and hiking.
易错点二
- 错误表现：将并列连词 and 与从属连词 because 混淆。如误写 Because he studied hard and he passed the exam.
- 错误原因：because 引导从句，不能与 and 引导的独立分句混用（结构不完整）。
- 正确做法：二选一——Because he studied hard, he passed the exam. 或 He studied hard and passed the exam.
易错点三
- 错误表现：忽略就近原则。如误写 Neither the students nor the teacher are present.
- 错误原因：neither...nor 的谓语应与最近的主语（teacher）一致。
- 正确做法：→ Neither the students nor the teacher is present.
易错点四
- 错误表现：将插入语误认为句子主干。如将 The theory, however, has been challenged. 中的 however 当作谓语的一部分。
- 错误原因：不熟悉插入语的识别方法。
- 正确做法：先去掉两个逗号之间的插入语 however，主干是 The theory has been challenged.
易错点五
- 错误表现：not only...but also 连接两个分句时，not only 部分倒装但 but also 部分也倒装。
- 错误原因：不了解倒装只发生在 not only 引导的分句中。
- 正确做法：Not only did he apologize, but he also compensated.（but also 部分不倒装）
七、真题长难句拆解示例
原句（改编自考研真题风格）：
The study found that individuals who regularly engaged in physical exercise — whether it was vigorous running, moderate cycling, or even gentle walking — were not only less likely to develop cardiovascular disease but also showed significantly better cognitive function in later life, a finding that, according to the researchers, could reshape public health recommendations.
语法结构划分：
主句：The study found that...
├── 主语：The study
├── 谓语：found
└── 宾语从句：that individuals were not only less likely to develop... but also showed...
├── 主语：individuals
│ └── 限制性定语从句：who regularly engaged in physical exercise
├── 插入语（破折号之间）：whether it was vigorous running, moderate cycling, or even gentle walking
│ ├── 补充说明 physical exercise 的具体内容
│ └── whether...or... 构成并列选择
├── 并列谓语（not only...but also...）：
│ ├── not only: were less likely to develop cardiovascular disease
│ │ └── be likely to do（可能做某事）
│ └── but also: showed significantly better cognitive function in later life
└── 同位语：a finding
└── 非限制性定语从句：that, according to the researchers, could reshape public health recommendations
├── 插入语：according to the researchers（据研究人员称）
├── 关系代词 that 指代 a finding
└── 谓语+宾语：could reshape public health recommendations逐段翻译：
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| The study found that | 这项研究发现 |
| individuals who regularly engaged in physical exercise | 经常进行体育锻炼的人 |
| whether it was vigorous running, moderate cycling, or even gentle walking | 无论是剧烈跑步、中等强度的骑自行车，还是轻柔的散步 |
| were not only less likely to develop cardiovascular disease | 不仅患心血管疾病的可能性更低 |
| but also showed significantly better cognitive function in later life | 而且在晚年表现出明显更好的认知功能 |
| a finding that could reshape public health recommendations | 这一发现可能重塑公共卫生建议 |
| according to the researchers | 据研究人员称 |
全句翻译：这项研究发现，经常进行体育锻炼的人——无论是剧烈跑步、中等强度的骑自行车，还是轻柔的散步——不仅患心血管疾病的可能性更低，而且在晚年表现出明显更好的认知功能。据研究人员称，这一发现可能重塑公共卫生建议。
结构分析：
- whether...or...or... → 并列选择结构，作插入语补充说明 exercise 的类型
- not only...but also... → 并列结构连接两个谓语
- according to the researchers → 插入语，表示信息来源
- a finding that... → 同位语，总结前面整句话的发现
八、来源标注
- 依据 2026 考研统考大纲英语一部分
- 依据大学本科经典教材共识（薄冰《高级英语语法》、张道真《实用英语语法》）
- 真题风格例句参考历年考研英语一阅读理解和翻译真题
知识单元 ENG-GRA-09 完成