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英语一
语法
ENG-GRA-05 定语从句
一、定位信息
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 所属圈层 | 核心层 |
| 前置知识回顾 | 需掌握句子成分（特别是定语的概念）、名词性词语（名词/代词）以及基本句型结构 |
| 知识网络定位 | 定语从句是形容词性从句，与名词性从句（主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句）和状语从句并列，是三大从句体系之一 |
| 考点热度等级 | H级（高频重点）——定语从句是考研英语阅读长难句的核心结构，翻译题中定语从句的翻译是必考技能 |
二、知识点讲解
2.1 定语从句概述
定语从句（Attributive Clause）是在句中充当定语、修饰名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（Antecedent），引导定语从句的词叫关系词（Relative Word）。
The book that you lent me is very interesting.（你借给我的那本书很有趣。）
- 先行词：book
- 关系词：that
- 定语从句：that you lent me
2.2 关系词分类
| 类别 | 关系词 | 指代 | 在从句中充当 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 关系代词 | who | 人 | 主语/宾语 |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | |
| whose | 人/物 | 定语 | |
| which | 物 | 主语/宾语 | |
| that | 人/物 | 主语/宾语 | |
| as | 人/物 | 主语/宾语/表语 | |
| 关系副词 | when | 时间 | 时间状语 |
| where | 地点 | 地点状语 | |
| why | 原因 | 原因状语 |
2.3 限制性定语从句 vs 非限制性定语从句
| 对比维度 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
|---|---|---|
| 作用 | 限定先行词的范围，不可缺少 | 补充说明，可以去掉 |
| 逗号 | 无逗号 | 用逗号与主句隔开 |
| that | 可以使用 | 不能使用 |
| 翻译 | 译为"……的" | 译为并列分句或独立句子 |
| 示例 | The students who passed the exam were happy. | The students, who had studied hard, passed the exam. |
2.4 that 与 which 的选择
只能用 that 的情况：
- 先行词被最高级修饰：This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
- 先行词被序数词修饰：The first thing that we should do is to stay calm.
- 先行词被 all, every, any, no, the only, the very 等修饰：All that glitters is not gold.
- 先行词既有人又有物：The man and his dog that were passing by attracted our attention.
- 在 who/which 引导的疑问句中避免重复：Who is the girl that is standing there?
只能用 which 的情况：
- 非限制性定语从句：He won the Nobel Prize, which made his parents proud.
- 介词之后：The house in which I was born has been demolished.
2.5 关系副词 when, where, why
关系副词 = 介词 + which：
- when = at/on/in + which（时间）
- where = at/in/on + which（地点）
- why = for which（原因）
I remember the day when (= on which) we first met.This is the place where (= at/in which) the accident happened.I don't know the reason why (= for which) he left.
2.6 as 引导的定语从句
as 引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首、句中或句末，常见于以下固定结构：
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| as is known to all | As is known to all, the earth is round. |
| as has been said/mentioned | As has been mentioned, the experiment was a success. |
| as is often the case | He was late, as is often the case. |
| as we expected | He passed the exam, as we expected. |
as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
| 对比 | as | which |
|---|---|---|
| 位置 | 句首/句中/句末 | 只能在句末 |
| 含义 | "正如" | "这/那" |
| 先行词 | 整个主句 | 整个主句 |
| 示例 | As we know, water is essential. | He said nothing, which surprised us. |
2.7 定语从句的特殊结构
（一）介词提前的定语从句
The method by which he solved the problem was innovative.The house in which she lives is very old.
（二）"名词/代词 + of + which/whom"结构
He has three daughters, two of whom are teachers.The book has ten chapters, three of which are about grammar.
（三）定语从句与同位语从句的区分
| 对比 | 定语从句 | 同位语从句 |
|---|---|---|
| that的成分 | that在从句中充当成分（主/宾） | that不充当成分，只起连接作用 |
| 先行词 | 任何名词 | 通常是抽象名词（news, fact, idea, belief等） |
| 功能 | 修饰限定 | 解释说明 |
| 示例 | The news that he told me is true.（他告诉我的消息是真的——that = 宾语） | The news that he won the prize is true.（他获奖的消息是真的——that不作成分） |
三、记忆与理解辅助
技巧一：关系词选择三步法
- 看先行词：指人 → who/whom/whose/that；指物 → which/whose/that
- 看从句缺什么成分：缺主语/宾语 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词
- 看限制性/非限制性：非限制性 → 不能用 that
技巧二：定语从句"还原法"
判断关系词在从句中充当什么成分，可以把先行词代回从句中：
- The book that/which you lent me → you lent me the book（宾语）→ that/which 可省略
- The time when we met → we met at the time（状语）→ when
技巧三：that vs which 速记口诀
"最高级、序数词，all/any/no/the only，人加物，疑问句——五种情况用 that"；"非限制性、介词后——两种情况用 which"。
四、例题与精解
例题一（基础巩固）
题目：选择正确答案：The reason ______ he was absent from the meeting was not clear.
A. which B. for that C. why D. of which
审题分析： 先行词是 reason，从句 he was absent from the meeting 结构完整，缺少原因状语。
解题思路： reason + 定语从句，从句缺少原因状语 → 用关系副词 why。
完整步骤：
- 先行词：reason（原因）
- 从句结构完整，缺少状语 → 用关系副词
- reason + why（= for which）
- 逐项分析：
- A. which（关系代词，但从句不缺主/宾语，错误）
- B. for that（that前不能加介词，错误）
- C. why（关系副词，表示原因，正确）
- D. of which（含义不通，错误）
- 答案：C
方法反思： reason 后用 why，time/moment 后用 when，place/city/country 后用 where——这是固定搭配，需牢记。
例题二（中等提升）
题目：分析下列句中定语从句的类型和功能：The experiment, which was conducted over a period of three years, produced groundbreaking results that challenged the existing theories.
审题分析： 本句包含两个定语从句，需要分别分析其类型（限制性/非限制性）和修饰对象。
解题思路： 根据逗号和 that/which 的使用判断类型。
完整步骤：
- 第一个定语从句：which was conducted over a period of three years
- 非限制性（有逗号）→ 补充说明 experiment
- 译为：这项实验持续了三年
- 第二个定语从句：that challenged the existing theories
- 限制性（无逗号）→ 限定 results 的范围
- 译为：挑战现有理论的（结果）
- 全句翻译：这项持续了三年的实验产生了挑战现有理论的突破性成果。
方法反思： 一个句子中可以有多个定语从句，分别修饰不同的先行词。关键是要准确找到每个关系词的先行词。
五、考情分析
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 考查频次 | 近5年每年阅读理解中至少80%的文章含有定语从句，翻译题中定语从句翻译几乎必考 |
| 常见题型 | 阅读理解（长难句分析）、翻译（定语从句翻译技巧）、完形填空（关系词选择） |
| 分值占比 | 间接涉及分值约 25–35 分（阅读+翻译+完形） |
| 命题趋势 | 多重定语从句嵌套和"介词+关系代词"结构出现频率增加 |
注：考情分析基于大纲与命题规律推测
六、易错点提醒
易错点一
- 错误表现：在非限制性定语从句中使用 that。如误写 He won the prize, that made us happy.
- 错误原因：忽略了非限制性定语从句不能用 that 的规则。
- 正确做法：→ He won the prize, which made us happy.
易错点二
- 错误表现：将同位语从句误判为定语从句。如 The fact that the earth is round is known to all. 中将 that 从句当作定语从句。
- 错误原因：没有区分 that 在从句中是否充当成分。
- 正确做法：检验 that 是否在从句中充当成分。此句中 "the earth is round" 结构完整，that 不作成分 → 同位语从句。
易错点三
- 错误表现：混淆 whose 引导的定语从句。如误将 The house whose roof is red belongs to my uncle. 中的 whose 理解为"谁的"。
- 错误原因：whose 不仅可以指人，也可以指物，表示"……的"。
- 正确做法：whose = of which/whom，此句等于 The house the roof of which is red...
易错点四
- 错误表现：忽略介词提前定语从句中介词的选择。如误写 The method which he solved the problem（缺少介词）。
- 错误原因：关系代词前的介词取决于从句中动词或形容词的搭配。
- 正确做法：solve the problem by a method → The method by which he solved the problem...
七、真题长难句拆解示例
原句（改编自考研真题风格）：
A new study published in the journal Nature, which analyzed data from more than 100,000 participants over a decade, has revealed a strong link between sleep deprivation and cognitive decline, a finding that could fundamentally change the way doctors treat sleep disorders.
语法结构划分：
主干：A new study has revealed a strong link.
├── 主语：A new study
│ ├── 后置定语（过去分词短语）：published in the journal Nature
│ └── 非限制性定语从句：which analyzed data from more than 100,000 participants over a decade
│ ├── 关系代词 which 指代 a new study
│ ├── 谓语：analyzed
│ └── 宾语：data from more than 100,000 participants over a decade
├── 谓语：has revealed（现在完成时）
├── 宾语：a strong link
│ └── 介词短语：between sleep deprivation and cognitive decline
└── 同位语：a finding
└── 限制性定语从句：that could fundamentally change the way
└── 定语从句（省略 that/in which）：doctors treat sleep disorders逐段翻译：
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| A new study published in the journal Nature | 发表在《自然》杂志上的一项新研究 |
| which analyzed data from more than 100,000 participants over a decade | 该研究分析了十年间十多万参与者的数据 |
| has revealed a strong link | 揭示了一个紧密的联系 |
| between sleep deprivation and cognitive decline | 睡眠不足与认知衰退之间的 |
| a finding that could fundamentally change the way | 一项可能从根本上改变……方式的发现 |
| doctors treat sleep disorders | 医生治疗睡眠障碍 |
全句翻译：发表在《自然》杂志上的一项新研究——该研究分析了十年间十多万参与者的数据——揭示了睡眠不足与认知衰退之间的紧密联系，这一发现可能从根本上改变医生治疗睡眠障碍的方式。
定语从句分析：
- which analyzed data... → 非限制性定语从句，修饰 study
- that could fundamentally change the way... → 限制性定语从句，修饰 finding
- doctors treat sleep disorders → 省略了关系词的定语从句，修饰 the way
八、来源标注
- 依据 2026 考研统考大纲英语一部分
- 依据大学本科经典教材共识（薄冰《高级英语语法》、张道真《实用英语语法》）
- 真题风格例句参考历年考研英语一阅读理解和翻译真题
知识单元 ENG-GRA-05 完成