Appearance
英语一
语法
ENG-GRA-06 名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句)
一、定位信息
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 所属圈层 | 核心层 |
| 前置知识回顾 | 需掌握句子成分(主语、宾语、表语的概念)以及基本句型结构,了解从句的基本概念 |
| 知识网络定位 | 名词性从句与定语从句(形容词性)、状语从句(副词性)并列,是英语三大从句体系之一。名词性从句在句中充当名词的角色 |
| 考点热度等级 | H级(高频重点)——名词性从句在完形填空、阅读长难句和翻译中频繁出现,尤其是主语从句和同位语从句 |
二、知识点讲解
2.1 名词性从句概述
名词性从句(Noun Clause)是在句中充当名词角色的从句,包括四种:
| 类型 | 在句中充当 | 引导词 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句(Subject Clause) | 主语 | that, whether, what, who, which, when, where, how, why 等 |
| 宾语从句(Object Clause) | 宾语 | that, whether/if, what, who, which, when, where, how, why 等 |
| 表语从句(Predicative Clause) | 表语 | that, whether, what, who, which, when, where, how, why, as if/as though 等 |
| 同位语从句(Appositive Clause) | 同位语 | that, whether, how, when, where 等 |
2.2 主语从句
主语从句在句中充当主语。
直接置于句首:
What he said is true.(他说的是真的。) Whether she will come is still uncertain.(她是否会来还不确定。)
用 it 作形式主语(更常见):
It is well known that the earth is round.(众所周知,地球是圆的。) It remains to be seen whether this policy will work.(这项政策是否有效还有待观察。)
常见 "It + be + 形容词/名词/过去分词 + that从句" 结构:
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| It is + adj. + that | It is important that we (should) protect the environment. |
| It is + n. + that | It is a fact that smoking causes cancer. |
| It is + 过去分词 + that | It is reported that the accident killed 10 people. |
| It + vi. + that | It seems/appears/happens that he is not at home. |
2.3 宾语从句
宾语从句在句中充当宾语。
动词后的宾语从句:
I believe (that) he is honest.(我相信他是诚实的。) She asked whether/if I could help her.(她问我是否能帮她。)
介词后的宾语从句:
I am curious about what happened.(我对发生了什么很好奇。) It depends on whether the weather is good.(这取决于天气是否好。)
形容词后的宾语从句:
I am sure that he will succeed.(我确信他会成功。) We are glad that you could come.(我们很高兴你能来。)
注意:介词后不能用 if 引导宾语从句,只能用 whether。
I am interested in whether he will come.(✓) I am interested in if he will come.(✗)
2.4 表语从句
表语从句在系动词后充当表语。
The problem is that we don't have enough time.(问题是我们没有足够的时间。) This is where the accident happened.(这就是事故发生的地方。) It looks as if it is going to rain.(看起来好像要下雨了。)
2.5 同位语从句
同位语从句对前面的抽象名词作进一步解释说明,说明该名词的具体内容。
常见的可接同位语从句的名词:fact, news, idea, belief, hope, doubt, evidence, suggestion, proposal, possibility, probability, thought, report, message, information, order, question, problem 等。
The news that he won the prize excited everyone.(他获奖的消息让每个人都兴奋。) I have no idea when he will return.(我不知道他什么时候回来。) There is no doubt that he is qualified.(毫无疑问他是合格的。)
2.6 that 引导的名词性从句 vs that 引导的定语从句
| 对比维度 | that 引导名词性从句 | that 引导定语从句 |
|---|---|---|
| that的成分 | 不充当成分(只起连接作用) | 充当主语或宾语 |
| 先行词 | 无先行词 | 有先行词 |
| 能否省略 | 宾语从句中可省略,主语从句不可 | 作宾语时可省略 |
| 示例 | I know that he is right.(that不作成分) | The book that I bought is good.(that作宾语) |
2.7 whether 与 if 的区别
| 对比 | whether | if |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | ✓ Whether he comes is unknown. | ✗ |
| 宾语从句 | ✓ I wonder whether/if he will come. | ✓ |
| 表语从句 | ✓ The question is whether we should go. | ✗ |
| 同位语从句 | ✓ The doubt whether he will come... | ✗ |
| 介词后 | ✓ It depends on whether... | ✗ |
| 与 or not 直接连用 | ✓ whether or not | ✗ |
| 不定式前 | ✓ whether to do | ✗ |
总结:if 只能引导动词后的宾语从句(且不与 or not 直接连用),其他情况一律用 whether。
2.8 四种名词性从句对比表
| 对比维度 | 主语从句 | 宾语从句 | 表语从句 | 同位语从句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 句法功能 | 主语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 同位语 |
| 位置 | 句首或形式主语后 | 动词/介词/形容词后 | 系动词后 | 抽象名词后 |
| 常用引导词 | that, whether, what | that, whether/if, what | that, whether, what, as if | that, whether |
| that可否省略 | 不可 | 可(作宾语时) | 一般不省 | 不可 |
| 典型例句 | That he passed surprised us. | I think (that) he is right. | The fact is that he lied. | The fact that he lied shocked us. |
三、记忆与理解辅助
技巧一:名词性从句"替换法"
判断一个从句是否是名词性从句,可以用一个名词或代词替换它,如果句子仍然通顺,就是名词性从句:
- What he said is true. → His words are true. ✓ → 主语从句
- I believe that he is honest. → I believe his honesty. ✓ → 宾语从句
技巧二:同位语从句 vs 定语从句速判法
看 that 在从句中是否充当成分:
- The news that he told me is true. → he told me the news → that 作宾语 → 定语从句
- The news that he won the prize is true. → he won the prize(结构完整)→ that 不作成分 → 同位语从句
技巧三:what 与 that 的区别
| 对比 | that | what |
|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 无意义(只起连接作用) | = the thing(s) that(有含义) |
| 从句完整性 | 从句结构完整 | 从句缺少主语/宾语/表语 |
| 示例 | I know that he is right.(he is right 完整) | I know what he said.(said 缺宾语) |
口诀:"that 完整 what 缺"——that 引导的从句结构完整,what 引导的从句缺少成分。
四、例题与精解
例题一(基础巩固)
题目:______ the experiment will succeed depends on many factors.
A. Whether B. If C. That D. What
审题分析: 空格在句首,引导一个从句作句子的主语。根据句意"实验是否会成功取决于很多因素",需要表示"是否"。
解题思路: 主语从句 + "是否"含义 → 用 whether(不能用 if)
完整步骤:
- 从句在句首作主语 → 主语从句
- 句意:"是否成功" → 需要表示"是否"
- 主语从句不能用 if → 用 whether
- 逐项分析:
- A. Whether(引导主语从句表示"是否",正确)
- B. If(不能引导主语从句,错误)
- C. That(表示"那",不含"是否"含义,语义不通)
- D. What(表示"什么",语义不通)
- 答案:A
方法反思: 主语从句中表示"是否"只能用 whether,不能用 if。这是考研高频考点。
例题二(中等提升)
题目:选择正确答案:The fact ______ he had no previous experience did not prevent him from applying for the position.
A. which B. what C. that D. of which
审题分析: The fact 是抽象名词,后面跟的从句解释 fact 的具体内容。需要判断是定语从句还是同位语从句。
解题思路: 检验从句结构是否完整 → he had no previous experience 结构完整 → that 不作成分 → 同位语从句。
完整步骤:
- 先行词:The fact(抽象名词)
- 从句:he had no previous experience(结构完整)
- that 不作成分 → 同位语从句
- 逐项分析:
- A. which(用于定语从句,但此处是同位语从句,错误)
- B. what(= the thing that,从句需要缺成分才用 what,错误)
- C. that(引导同位语从句,正确)
- D. of which(用于定语从句,错误)
- 答案:C
方法反思: 看到 fact, news, idea, belief, evidence, hope, doubt 等抽象名词后跟从句,先判断从句结构是否完整。完整 → 同位语从句用 that;不完整 → 定语从句用 which/that。
五、考情分析
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 考查频次 | 近5年每年完形填空和翻译中均有涉及名词性从句的题目 |
| 常见题型 | 完形填空(引导词选择)、翻译(名词性从句的理解与转换)、阅读(长难句中名词性从句的识别) |
| 分值占比 | 直接考查约 1–3 分,间接影响阅读和翻译约 10–15 分 |
| 命题趋势 | 主语从句(尤其 it 作形式主语的结构)和同位语从句的考查频率上升 |
注:考情分析基于大纲与命题规律推测
六、易错点提醒
易错点一
- 错误表现:在主语从句中用 if 代替 whether。如误写 If he will come is unknown.
- 错误原因:混淆了 if 和 whether 的适用范围。
- 正确做法:if 只能引导动词后的宾语从句,主语从句必须用 whether。→ Whether he will come is unknown.
易错点二
- 错误表现:将同位语从句误认为定语从句,错误使用 which。如误写 The news which he won the prize excited everyone.
- 错误原因:没有检验 that/which 在从句中是否充当成分。
- 正确做法:he won the prize 结构完整,引导词不作成分 → 同位语从句用 that → The news that he won the prize...
易错点三
- 错误表现:在 that 引导的主语从句中遗漏 that。如误写 He will come is certain.
- 错误原因:不知道主语从句中 that 不可省略。
- 正确做法:that 引导主语从句时不可省略 → That he will come is certain. 或用形式主语 It is certain that he will come.
易错点四
- 错误表现:混淆 what 和 that 的用法。如误写 I know that he said.
- 错误原因:没有判断从句是否缺少成分。
- 正确做法:said 缺宾语 → 用 what(= the thing that)→ I know what he said.
七、真题长难句拆解示例
原句(改编自考研真题风格):
What makes this discovery particularly significant is that it challenges the long-held assumption that human cognition reaches its peak in early adulthood and then inevitably declines, suggesting instead that the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life.
语法结构划分:
主句:What makes this discovery particularly significant is that...
├── 主语从句:What makes this discovery particularly significant
│ ├── What = The thing that(在从句中作主语)
│ ├── 谓语:makes
│ ├── 宾语:this discovery
│ └── 宾补:particularly significant
├── 系动词:is
└── 表语从句:that it challenges the long-held assumption
├── 主语:it(指代 this discovery)
├── 谓语:challenges
├── 宾语:the long-held assumption
│ └── 同位语从句:that human cognition reaches its peak in early adulthood and then inevitably declines
│ ├── 主语:human cognition
│ ├── 谓语1:reaches its peak in early adulthood
│ └── 谓语2:(and then) inevitably declines
└── 现在分词短语作伴随状语:suggesting instead that the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life
├── 逻辑主语:it(this discovery)
└── 宾语从句:that the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life逐段翻译:
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| What makes this discovery particularly significant | 使这一发现尤为重要的(原因) |
| is that it challenges the long-held assumption | 是它挑战了一个长期持有的假设 |
| that human cognition reaches its peak in early adulthood | 即人类认知在成年早期达到顶峰 |
| and then inevitably declines | 然后不可避免地下降 |
| suggesting instead that | 反而表明了 |
| the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life | 大脑在整个生命过程中保持着惊人的成长能力 |
全句翻译:使这一发现尤为重要的原因在于,它挑战了一个长期持有的假设——即人类认知在成年早期达到顶峰然后不可避免地下降——反而表明大脑在整个生命过程中都保持着惊人的成长能力。
名词性从句分析:
- What makes this discovery... → 主语从句(what 在从句中作主语)
- that it challenges... → 表语从句(that 不作成分)
- that human cognition reaches... → 同位语从句,解释 assumption 的内容
- that the brain retains... → 宾语从句,作 suggesting 的宾语
八、来源标注
- 依据 2026 考研统考大纲英语一部分
- 依据大学本科经典教材共识(薄冰《高级英语语法》、张道真《实用英语语法》)
- 真题风格例句参考历年考研英语一阅读理解和翻译真题
知识单元 ENG-GRA-06 完成