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英语一

语法

ENG-GRA-06 名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句)


一、定位信息

项目内容
所属圈层核心层
前置知识回顾需掌握句子成分(主语、宾语、表语的概念)以及基本句型结构,了解从句的基本概念
知识网络定位名词性从句与定语从句(形容词性)、状语从句(副词性)并列,是英语三大从句体系之一。名词性从句在句中充当名词的角色
考点热度等级H级(高频重点)——名词性从句在完形填空、阅读长难句和翻译中频繁出现,尤其是主语从句和同位语从句

二、知识点讲解

2.1 名词性从句概述

名词性从句(Noun Clause)是在句中充当名词角色的从句,包括四种:

类型在句中充当引导词
主语从句(Subject Clause)主语that, whether, what, who, which, when, where, how, why 等
宾语从句(Object Clause)宾语that, whether/if, what, who, which, when, where, how, why 等
表语从句(Predicative Clause)表语that, whether, what, who, which, when, where, how, why, as if/as though 等
同位语从句(Appositive Clause)同位语that, whether, how, when, where 等

2.2 主语从句

主语从句在句中充当主语。

直接置于句首

What he said is true.(他说的是真的。) Whether she will come is still uncertain.(她是否会来还不确定。)

用 it 作形式主语(更常见):

It is well known that the earth is round.(众所周知,地球是圆的。) It remains to be seen whether this policy will work.(这项政策是否有效还有待观察。)

常见 "It + be + 形容词/名词/过去分词 + that从句" 结构:

结构示例
It is + adj. + thatIt is important that we (should) protect the environment.
It is + n. + thatIt is a fact that smoking causes cancer.
It is + 过去分词 + thatIt is reported that the accident killed 10 people.
It + vi. + thatIt seems/appears/happens that he is not at home.

2.3 宾语从句

宾语从句在句中充当宾语。

动词后的宾语从句

I believe (that) he is honest.(我相信他是诚实的。) She asked whether/if I could help her.(她问我是否能帮她。)

介词后的宾语从句

I am curious about what happened.(我对发生了什么很好奇。) It depends on whether the weather is good.(这取决于天气是否好。)

形容词后的宾语从句

I am sure that he will succeed.(我确信他会成功。) We are glad that you could come.(我们很高兴你能来。)

注意:介词后不能用 if 引导宾语从句,只能用 whether。

I am interested in whether he will come.(✓) I am interested in if he will come.(✗)

2.4 表语从句

表语从句在系动词后充当表语。

The problem is that we don't have enough time.(问题是我们没有足够的时间。) This is where the accident happened.(这就是事故发生的地方。) It looks as if it is going to rain.(看起来好像要下雨了。)

2.5 同位语从句

同位语从句对前面的抽象名词作进一步解释说明,说明该名词的具体内容。

常见的可接同位语从句的名词:fact, news, idea, belief, hope, doubt, evidence, suggestion, proposal, possibility, probability, thought, report, message, information, order, question, problem 等。

The news that he won the prize excited everyone.(他获奖的消息让每个人都兴奋。) I have no idea when he will return.(我不知道他什么时候回来。) There is no doubt that he is qualified.(毫无疑问他是合格的。)

2.6 that 引导的名词性从句 vs that 引导的定语从句

对比维度that 引导名词性从句that 引导定语从句
that的成分不充当成分(只起连接作用)充当主语或宾语
先行词无先行词有先行词
能否省略宾语从句中可省略,主语从句不可作宾语时可省略
示例I know that he is right.(that不作成分)The book that I bought is good.(that作宾语)

2.7 whether 与 if 的区别

对比whetherif
主语从句Whether he comes is unknown.
宾语从句I wonder whether/if he will come.
表语从句The question is whether we should go.
同位语从句The doubt whether he will come...
介词后It depends on whether...
与 or not 直接连用whether or not
不定式前whether to do

总结:if 只能引导动词后的宾语从句(且不与 or not 直接连用),其他情况一律用 whether。

2.8 四种名词性从句对比表

对比维度主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句
句法功能主语宾语表语同位语
位置句首或形式主语后动词/介词/形容词后系动词后抽象名词后
常用引导词that, whether, whatthat, whether/if, whatthat, whether, what, as ifthat, whether
that可否省略不可可(作宾语时)一般不省不可
典型例句That he passed surprised us.I think (that) he is right.The fact is that he lied.The fact that he lied shocked us.

三、记忆与理解辅助

技巧一:名词性从句"替换法"

判断一个从句是否是名词性从句,可以用一个名词或代词替换它,如果句子仍然通顺,就是名词性从句:

  • What he said is true.His words are true. ✓ → 主语从句
  • I believe that he is honest.I believe his honesty. ✓ → 宾语从句

技巧二:同位语从句 vs 定语从句速判法

看 that 在从句中是否充当成分:

  • The news that he told me is true. → he told me the news → that 作宾语 → 定语从句
  • The news that he won the prize is true. → he won the prize(结构完整)→ that 不作成分 → 同位语从句

技巧三:what 与 that 的区别

对比thatwhat
含义无意义(只起连接作用)= the thing(s) that(有含义)
从句完整性从句结构完整从句缺少主语/宾语/表语
示例I know that he is right.(he is right 完整)I know what he said.(said 缺宾语)

口诀:"that 完整 what 缺"——that 引导的从句结构完整,what 引导的从句缺少成分。


四、例题与精解

例题一(基础巩固)

题目:______ the experiment will succeed depends on many factors.

A. Whether B. If C. That D. What

审题分析: 空格在句首,引导一个从句作句子的主语。根据句意"实验是否会成功取决于很多因素",需要表示"是否"。

解题思路: 主语从句 + "是否"含义 → 用 whether(不能用 if)

完整步骤

  1. 从句在句首作主语 → 主语从句
  2. 句意:"是否成功" → 需要表示"是否"
  3. 主语从句不能用 if → 用 whether
  4. 逐项分析:
    • A. Whether(引导主语从句表示"是否",正确
    • B. If(不能引导主语从句,错误)
    • C. That(表示"那",不含"是否"含义,语义不通)
    • D. What(表示"什么",语义不通)
  5. 答案:A

方法反思: 主语从句中表示"是否"只能用 whether,不能用 if。这是考研高频考点。

例题二(中等提升)

题目:选择正确答案:The fact ______ he had no previous experience did not prevent him from applying for the position.

A. which B. what C. that D. of which

审题分析The fact 是抽象名词,后面跟的从句解释 fact 的具体内容。需要判断是定语从句还是同位语从句。

解题思路: 检验从句结构是否完整 → he had no previous experience 结构完整 → that 不作成分 → 同位语从句。

完整步骤

  1. 先行词:The fact(抽象名词)
  2. 从句:he had no previous experience(结构完整)
  3. that 不作成分 → 同位语从句
  4. 逐项分析:
    • A. which(用于定语从句,但此处是同位语从句,错误)
    • B. what(= the thing that,从句需要缺成分才用 what,错误)
    • C. that(引导同位语从句,正确
    • D. of which(用于定语从句,错误)
  5. 答案:C

方法反思: 看到 fact, news, idea, belief, evidence, hope, doubt 等抽象名词后跟从句,先判断从句结构是否完整。完整 → 同位语从句用 that;不完整 → 定语从句用 which/that。


五、考情分析

项目内容
考查频次近5年每年完形填空和翻译中均有涉及名词性从句的题目
常见题型完形填空(引导词选择)、翻译(名词性从句的理解与转换)、阅读(长难句中名词性从句的识别)
分值占比直接考查约 1–3 分,间接影响阅读和翻译约 10–15 分
命题趋势主语从句(尤其 it 作形式主语的结构)和同位语从句的考查频率上升

:考情分析基于大纲与命题规律推测


六、易错点提醒

易错点一

  • 错误表现:在主语从句中用 if 代替 whether。如误写 If he will come is unknown.
  • 错误原因:混淆了 if 和 whether 的适用范围。
  • 正确做法:if 只能引导动词后的宾语从句,主语从句必须用 whether。→ Whether he will come is unknown.

易错点二

  • 错误表现:将同位语从句误认为定语从句,错误使用 which。如误写 The news which he won the prize excited everyone.
  • 错误原因:没有检验 that/which 在从句中是否充当成分。
  • 正确做法he won the prize 结构完整,引导词不作成分 → 同位语从句用 that → The news that he won the prize...

易错点三

  • 错误表现:在 that 引导的主语从句中遗漏 that。如误写 He will come is certain.
  • 错误原因:不知道主语从句中 that 不可省略。
  • 正确做法:that 引导主语从句时不可省略 → That he will come is certain. 或用形式主语 It is certain that he will come.

易错点四

  • 错误表现:混淆 what 和 that 的用法。如误写 I know that he said.
  • 错误原因:没有判断从句是否缺少成分。
  • 正确做法:said 缺宾语 → 用 what(= the thing that)→ I know what he said.

七、真题长难句拆解示例

原句(改编自考研真题风格):

What makes this discovery particularly significant is that it challenges the long-held assumption that human cognition reaches its peak in early adulthood and then inevitably declines, suggesting instead that the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life.

语法结构划分

主句:What makes this discovery particularly significant is that...
├── 主语从句:What makes this discovery particularly significant
│   ├── What = The thing that(在从句中作主语)
│   ├── 谓语:makes
│   ├── 宾语:this discovery
│   └── 宾补:particularly significant
├── 系动词:is
└── 表语从句:that it challenges the long-held assumption
    ├── 主语:it(指代 this discovery)
    ├── 谓语:challenges
    ├── 宾语:the long-held assumption
    │   └── 同位语从句:that human cognition reaches its peak in early adulthood and then inevitably declines
    │       ├── 主语:human cognition
    │       ├── 谓语1:reaches its peak in early adulthood
    │       └── 谓语2:(and then) inevitably declines
    └── 现在分词短语作伴随状语:suggesting instead that the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life
        ├── 逻辑主语:it(this discovery)
        └── 宾语从句:that the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life

逐段翻译

英文中文
What makes this discovery particularly significant使这一发现尤为重要的(原因)
is that it challenges the long-held assumption是它挑战了一个长期持有的假设
that human cognition reaches its peak in early adulthood即人类认知在成年早期达到顶峰
and then inevitably declines然后不可避免地下降
suggesting instead that反而表明了
the brain retains a remarkable capacity for growth throughout life大脑在整个生命过程中保持着惊人的成长能力

全句翻译:使这一发现尤为重要的原因在于,它挑战了一个长期持有的假设——即人类认知在成年早期达到顶峰然后不可避免地下降——反而表明大脑在整个生命过程中都保持着惊人的成长能力。

名词性从句分析

  1. What makes this discovery... → 主语从句(what 在从句中作主语)
  2. that it challenges... → 表语从句(that 不作成分)
  3. that human cognition reaches... → 同位语从句,解释 assumption 的内容
  4. that the brain retains... → 宾语从句,作 suggesting 的宾语

八、来源标注

  • 依据 2026 考研统考大纲英语一部分
  • 依据大学本科经典教材共识(薄冰《高级英语语法》、张道真《实用英语语法》)
  • 真题风格例句参考历年考研英语一阅读理解和翻译真题

知识单元 ENG-GRA-06 完成

考研全科复习资料 - 基于2026考研统考大纲